Abstract: This paper traces the origin, growth and development of descriptive translation studies, one of the most influential schools of thought in translation studies in the West today. Following a brief description of its major characteristics, the paper dwells on the school’s relevance to the Chinese translators. The point is made that the descriptive theory can explain the orientation of all kinds of translations, broaden the scope of the field of study and enrich the practice of translation in China.
翻译研究,从一开始的归纳式的经验总结,如严复的信、达、雅,即用自己从翻译实践中得来的经验,浓缩成警句式的“标准”,传授给后人,让别人照着去做;到后来的演绎式的科学研究,如奈达的动态对等,即利用语言学的一些基本原理。对翻译过程进行严格(rigorous)的描述,对翻译的终极产品进行严格的鉴定,用四个语义单位、七个核心句、五个逆转换步骤,细细地规定出翻译的全过程,用以指导翻译实践。这种种研究翻译的方法,都是“规范性”(prescriptive)的。规范性翻译研究的显著特点是,定出一个规范(norm),让所有译者,不分时代(timeless),不分工作对象,不分译者、读者的认知环境(cognitive environment),在他们的翻译实践中一律遵照执行。若有违反便叱之为“不忠实”或“结构笨重”(heavy structure)、“误导读者”(misleading)等等。美国知名的描写翻译学者Maria Tymoczko认为,规范性翻译理论根源在于把翻译看作一种纯粹的语言艺术,用一些超越时间的语言规则来加以考察。(As a language art, translation has often been considered from the viewpoint of timeless linguistic rules (which has led to a normative tendency in the theory)…)①[作为一种语言艺术,翻译常常被人用一些超越时间(或译成“永远有效”)的语言规则来加以考察(这种做法造成了理论研究中的规范倾向)]。
翻译的实践在呼唤新的理论,描写翻译理论便应运而生了。所谓描写翻译理论,用Maria Tymoczko的话来说,就是:“描写性翻译研究在研究翻译的过程、产物、以及功能的时候,把翻译放在时代之中去研究。广而言之,是把翻译放到政治、意识形态、经济、文化之中去研究”(Descriptive translation studies—when they attend to process, product, and function—set translation practices in time and, thus by extension, in politics, ideology, economics, culture.)⑤相对于规范性的翻译理论,描写性翻译理论的一个最大的重点是它的宽容。正如描写学派代表人物图瑞(Gideon Toury)指出的:什么是翻译?“翻译就是在目的系统当中,表现为翻译或者被认为是翻译的任何一段目的的语文本,不管所根据的理由是什么。”(a translation will be any target language text which is presented or regarded as such in a target system, on whatever grounds.)⑥